Purpose Of The Symposium

The Global ESCO Network’s second International ESCO Symposium is bringing together global experts, policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders to accelerate the transition toward a low-carbon and energy-efficient future.

Through a series of presentations, panels, and discussions, the symposium will address the latest trends, regulatory frameworks, financing strategies, and success stories in the ESCO market. It will highlight how ESCOs can serve as a key catalyst in scaling up energy efficiency projects, leveraging both public and private sector investments.

Additionally, the symposium will explore the potential of ESCO frameworks to support the achievement of global climate goals, including the Paris Agreement, while identifying opportunities for enhancing the role of ESCOs in emerging markets and developing countries. Ultimately, the symposium aims to drive forward a more integrated, resilient, and energy-efficient global economy, fostering partnerships that will unleash the full potential of ESCOs in addressing the urgent energy challenges of our time.

The Global ESCO Network’s second International ESCO Symposium is hosted by EYODER - Energy Efficiency and Management Association, in partnership with the UN Environment Programme Copenhagen Climate Center and Efficiency Valuation Organization.


Messages From The Chairs

Dear Participants,

It is with great pleasure that we welcome you to the Global ESCO Network’s second International ESCO Symposium, taking place on 7 and 8 May in the vibrant city of İstanbul, Türkiye. This symposium serves as a global platform for advancing energy efficiency and accelerating the transition to a low-carbon future. Together with policymakers, industry leaders, and energy experts, we aim to explore the critical role of Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) in addressing today’s pressing energy and climate challenges.

This year’s symposium focuses on the transformative potential of ESCOs in scaling energy efficiency initiatives and driving sustainable growth worldwide. Through engaging presentations, thought-provoking panels, and interactive discussions, we will explore the latest trends in the ESCO market, innovative financing mechanisms, and pathways to strengthening ESCO frameworks in both established and emerging markets. Our collective goal is to foster meaningful collaborations that amplify the impact of ESCOs in achieving global climate goals, such as those outlined in the Paris Agreement, while promoting a more integrated, resilient, and energy-efficient global economy.

We are confident that the conversations and connections forged here will shape the future of energy efficiency and sustainable development.

Welcome to İstanbul and to the Global ESCO Network’s second International ESCO Symposium — let’s work together to unlock the full potential of ESCOs!

Sincerely,
Søren Lütken, Pierre Langlois and Onur Ünlü
Chairs, Second International ESCO Symposium


Main Sponsor


Sponsors


Insights from Our Speakers


Topics

May 7th - Day 1, ESCOs Igniting the First Fuel
08:30 REGISTRATION AND COFFEE
09:00 Welcoming Remarks
  Welcoming remarks by the Global ESCO Network and Host Institutions Søren Lütken – Co-chair of the Global ESCO Network, UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre
Onur Ünlü – President, Energy Efficiency and Management Association of Türkiye, EYODER
Welcome speech Ahmet Berat Conkar, Deputy Minister of Energy and Natural Resources of Republic of Türkiye
Welcome speech Gwi-Yeop Son, Regional Director, Europe and Central Asia Regional Office of the UN Development Coordination Office
09:30 Keynote Speech - ESCO Market Overview
  The Global ESCO Market: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities Gwi-Yeop Son, Senior Advisor to UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre
10:00 Message from ESCO Associations
  MODERATOR: Pierre Langlois Co-chair of the Global ESCO Network, Econoler
ESCO associations are main drivers for the development of national and regional ESCO markets. Together with their members and in collaboration with governments they co-develop the enabling conditions for the growth of national ESCO markets and promote the use of EPC as the main implementation instrument towards energy efficiency and a low carbon development. The session will provide a platform where different ESCO associations from various regions can share their perspective of their role and their national experience in ESCO promoting regulation, financing and needs for the growth of the ESCO markets going forward.
TOPICS: PANELISTS:
Malaysia’s new Energy Efficiency Act and the Role of ESCO in the National Energy Transition Roadmap towards Net Zero Emission by 2050 Zulkifli Zahari, President of Malaysia Association of Energy Service Companies (MAESCO)
National Energy Efficiency Funds, Capitalization, Use and Impacts Carlos Ballesteros Barrado, Director General of ANESE
Ideal regulation from an ESCO association perspective, and how engaging government, financial institutions and stakeholders can improve ESCO market conditions Ricardo Velasquez Lechuga, President, AMENEER
11:15 The Role of International Agreements and Supranational Regulation
  MODERATOR: Dr. Clara Camarasa Senior Advisor, Energy Efficiency, UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre
The panel will explore how international agreements and supranational regulation create a push for enhanced climate action and establishment of national targets on energy efficiency improvements, and how these targets are translated into actionable implementation frameworks in countries and sub-national governments.
TOPICS: PANELISTS:
The Paris Agreement, the need to scale up action and leverage private finance To be announced
Implementing and financing NDC Energy Efficiency targets by de-risking ESCO investments Keeshaw Ramkurrun, Lead Engineer, Energy Efficiency Management Office
EPC Implementation in Public Buildings: Current and Future Measures in Poland Under the EU Energy Efficiency Directive Revision Dr. Ewa Kossak, Head of Energy Efficiency Unit of Ministry of Climate and Environment of Poland
Country example(s) on regulation facilitating ESCOs Dr. Bilal Düzgün, Director for Energy Efficiency and Environment at Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Republic of Türkiye
12:15 LUNCH
The lunch will take place at Plaza 177 Restaurant on the first floor of the Wyndham Grand Istanbul
13:15 Spotlight on the ESCO from a Development Perspective
  MODERATOR: Mark Lister Efficiency Valuation Organization/ Clean Energy Partnership
In the past two years a range of ESCO focussed development assistance initiatives have been taking shape. Donors, implementing agencies and financiers will discuss the renewed interest in the ESCO model and the approach they use to support ESCO market development in developing countries and in conflict situations.
TOPICS: PANELISTS:
Driving Innovation: UNDP’s Role in Wartime ESCO Transformation in Ukraine Anna Zhovtenko, Project Manager at Energy and Environment Portfolio at UNDP in Ukraine
MAF Experience with ESCOs - Insights from the Projects in Brazil and Mauritius Sören David, Head of the Technical Support Unit of Mitigation Action Facility
Supporting Energy Efficiency Funds and ESCO Frameworks Şule Kılıç, Deputy Head of EBRD Türkiye
14:30 National Regulation and Frameworks in Support of ESCO
  MODERATOR: Denis Tanguay Efficiency Valuation Organization
Every year, the Global ESCO Network takes stock among national ESCO associations of regulatory barriers for ESCOs and ESCO supportive regulatory frameworks. The panel will identify and discuss enabling regulatory environments for ESCOs, present good cases and practical examples on how regulatory changes have supported ESCO market development and propose easy revisions that can benefit the sector.
TOPICS: PANELISTS:
Growing the ESCO Market with Policy Enhancements -- Broadening End-user Reach of Obligations and Pushing Fiscal Incentives Alexander Ablaza, President of Philippine Energy Efficiency Alliance (PE2)
National Regulation and Frameworks in Support of ESCO Esra Tombak, Head of Department of Foreign Investment at Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change of Republic of Türkiye
ESCO Enabling Regulation in India Jayanta Chaudhuri, Director, Marketing, Alliances & Partnerships for Alliance for an Energy Efficient
15:45 COFFEE BREAK
16:30 Aggregation and Financing Through SuperESCOs
  MODERATOR: Svetlana Adamek Managing Director of adamek & adamek consulting GmbH
SuperESCO frameworks offer a potential solution to address not only EPC scheme’s limitations but also the ESCO community’s lack of capacity, willingness or interest to get involved in project financing. The panel will provide insights on different Super ESCO concepts and implementation approaches. It will provide informative and helpful insights gained from the experiences of designing and operating private and public sector led SuperESCO initiatives in both established and emerging ESCO markets, and how SuperESCOs the Dubai, Indian and Moroccan Super ESCOs; the first two Super ESCOs can be major game-changers in fostering energy efficiency market growth and climate change mitigation efforts.
TOPICS: PANELISTS:
Abu Dhabi Super ESCO Experience and Local ESCOs Market Development Suhaib Al Marzooqi, Head of Business Development of TAQA Energy Services
Aggregating ESCO Project Assets to Mobilize Private Energy Capital Alexander Ablaza, CEO of Climargy Philippines
Private Sector ESCO Development; Innovation from Canada and France Pierre Langlois, President of Econoler
Private Sector SuperESCOs Mehdi Benjelloun, Deputy General Manager of Attijari Capital Management
Case Study on Development of Super ESCO in Trinidad and Tobago Arden Rodriguez, Assistant Manager, of Projects at National Energy Corporation of Trinidad and Tobago Limited
18:00 Closing Remarks
  Pierre Langlois Co-chair of the Global ESCO Network, Econoler
May 8th - Day 2, Unleashing the Private Sector
08:30 REGISTRATION AND COFFEE
09:00 Reflections On Outcomes of The First Day and Introduction to The Second Day
  Reflections on the outcomes of the first day and introduction to the second day Pierre Langlois, Co-chair of the Global, President Econoler
Onur Ünlü, President, Energy Efficiency and Management Association of Türkiye, EYODER
09:15 Practical Implementation - ESCO Implementation Frameworks and EPC Facilitation for Local Governments
  MODERATOR: Serkan Emin Board Member of Energy Efficiency and Management Association of Türkiye (EYODER)
This panel will explore and provide practical examples on how municipalities, sub-national governments and ESCO facilitators have established frameworks to facilitate implementation of energy efficiency measures through EPC. It will provide inputs to innovative approaches, implementation structures and one-stop shops that can facilitate the procurement of ESCOs and execution of EPC programmes.
TOPICS: PANELISTS:
OSS Facilitator EPC as a Tool for ESCO Market Development in Poland Rafał Cieślak, Attorney-at-Law and Associate Professor at University of Warsaw
Facilitation of ESCO procurement and implementation frameworks Geneviève Gauthier, National director Canada - Econoler/td>
Experience in Facilitating ESCO Procurement, Financing and Establishment of One-Stop-Shops John O’Rourke, Chairman of Sustainable Energy Finance Association (SEFA)
One-stop-Shop Digital Platform for scaling-up the implementation of ESCO projects Ingmar Hermans, Chief Business Officer, Ainglie
10:30 COFFEE BREAK
11:15 Financing and structuring ESCO investments at scale
  MODERATOR: Svetlana Adamek Managing Director of adamek & adamek consulting GmbH
One of the common barriers for ESCOs to expand their activities and project portfolios is the access to finance, including the risk perception and collateral requirements of banks. In order to achieve a rapid growth in ESCO markets and implementation of energy efficiency measures, capital for ESCO project investments needs to be available at scale, but the scale of investments that investors often consider does not often match the offer single ESCOs and ESCO projects can provide. At the same time, as EPC enables investments in energy efficiency through the future cash flows achieved by verified energy savings, the time required for these future receivables to materialize is often a barrier for ESCOs ability to expand their portfolio. The panel will explore how aggregation and forfaiting can achieve investments at scale and portfolio expansion, and the role of energy efficiency funds in capitalizing and de-risking ESCO projects.
TOPICS: PANELISTS:
Aggregation and Forfeiting of ESCO Receivables Csaba de Csiky, Chairman and Senior Managing Partner, EnerSave Capital Sarl
One-stop-Shop Digital Platform for scaling-up the implementation of ESCO projects Lieven Vanstraelen,President, BELESCO
National Energy Efficiency Funds, capitalization, use and impacts Carlos Ballesteros Barrado, Director General, ANESE
Risk Management and Insurance Sanjay Dube, President & CEO of International Institute for Energy Conservation (IIEC)
12:45 LUNCH
The lunch will take place at Plaza 177 Restaurant on the first floor of the Wyndham Grand Istanbul
13:45 Celebrating Success Stories: Showcase of ESCO Projects
  MODERATOR: Yasemin Somuncu Secretary General of Energy Efficiency and Management Association of Türkiye (EYODER)
This session will consist of a showcase of innovative solutions and successful projects and ESCO stories, celebrating scalable solutions, first movers and strategic partnerships by ESCOs with industry and private sector.
TOPICS: PANELISTS:
Lighting as a Service and forfeiting to expand the project portfolio Alistair Brown, Project Manager at Energy and Environment Portfolio at UNDP in Ukraine
Bahadır Kocaaslan, Energy Solutions Sales Director for Enerjisa
ESCO Plus Model – A Unified Approach to Achieving Net Zero Mustapha Aanzi, Interim Managing Director of Hasa Energy and Board Member of Advancing Net Zero Volunteering Team
14:30 Closing Remarks
  National Regulation and Frameworks in Support of ESCO Esra Tombak, Head of Department of Foreign Investment at Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change of Republic of Türkiye
Søren Lütken Co-chair of the Global ESCO Network, UNEP Copenhagen Climate Centre
Onur Ünlü President, Energy Efficiency and Management Association of Türkiye, EYODER
15:00 COFFEE BREAK and B2B

Ticket Prices

SYMPOSIUM TICKET INSTITUTIONAL EYODER MEMBERS INDIVIDUAL EYODER MEMBERS,
ACADEMICIANS,
PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES
350 € 275 € 225 €

Venue

The 2nd International ESCO Symposium will take place on May 7-8, 2025, at Wyndham Grand İstanbul Levent Hotel & Conference Center, Istanbul.

Venue Address:

Wyndham Grand İstanbul Levent Hotel & Conference Center

Büyükdere Cd. No:177-183, 34394 Şişli, İstanbul, Türkiye

Travel and Accommodation

Participants are responsible for arranging their own travel and accommodation.

Additionally, through the registration page, they can select from hotel options, book airport-hotel transfers from Istanbul’s airports, and benefit from exclusive discounted hotel rates.

Visa Requirements

Participants must check visa requirements for entry into Türkiye and ensure they obtain all necessary travel documents in advance.

For official visa and entry details, visit the Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs website.

Airports and Transport

Istanbul has two major international airports:

  • Istanbul Airport (IST) – Approx. 40 km from the venue
  • Sabiha Gökçen Airport (SAW) – Approx. 50 km from the venue

Transportation from Airports

By Taxi

  • From Istanbul Airport (IST): Estimated travel time to the venue is 50 minutes, and the approximate taxi fare is ~50 EUR.
  • From Sabiha Gökçen Airport (SAW): Estimated travel time is 1 hour, and the approximate taxi fare is ~65 EUR.
  • Symposium Registration Transfer Option: A one-way or round-trip Premium Minivan transfer is available from both airports for 60 EUR per trip. This option can be selected during the registration process.

By Public Transport

  • From Istanbul Airport (IST): Take the M11 metro line from Istanbul Airport Station towards Kağıthane Station, where you can transfer to the M7 metro line towards Mecidiyeköy. From Mecidiyeköy, take the M2 metro line in the direction of Hacıosman and get off at Levent Station, which is a 5-minute walk from the symposium venue. Total estimated travel time: ~60 minutes.
  • From Sabiha Gökçen Airport (SAW): Take the IETT public bus (E-3 line) to Levent Metro Station, which is a 5-minute walk from the symposium venue. Alternatively, take the M4 metro line from Sabiha Gökçen Airport Metro Station to Ayrılık Çeşmesi Station, transfer to the Marmaray line, and then connect to the M2 metro line towards Hacıosman, getting off at Levent Station. Total estimated travel time: ~75 minutes.

Registration


Beyond Meetings: Travel & Discover

The 2nd International ESCO Symposium isn’t just about discussions, it’s also a chance to explore! Join exclusive tours designed for attendees, offering a mix of history, culture, and scenic beauty.

From historic landmarks to coastal views and local flavors, these curated experiences will enrich your visit.

Click to expand for tour options and details!

After registering in the system, you can purchase from the Social Tours section.


Istanbul Classics

Half-Day Morning Tour

Discover the heart of Istanbul’s historic Old City, where the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires once ruled. This half-day morning tour takes you on a journey through some of the city's most iconic landmarks, offering a deep dive into its rich history and architectural marvels.

Highlights:

  • Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque – A masterpiece of Byzantine and Ottoman architecture, once the largest Eastern Roman Church. Its grandeur, historical significance, and remarkable design make it one of the most visited landmarks in the world.
  • Blue Mosque – Famous for its striking blue İznik tiles and six elegant minarets, this 17th-century mosque is a symbol of Istanbul. (Note: Visits are not available on Fridays due to the noon prayer.)
  • Hippodrome of Constantinople – Once the social and sporting center of Byzantine Constantinople, this historic square is home to significant monuments like the Serpentine Column, the Obelisk of Theodosius, and the German Fountain of Wilhelm II.
  • Grand Covered Bazaar – One of the world’s oldest and largest markets, offering a vibrant mix of antiques, jewelry, carpets, leather goods, and souvenirs. (A traditional Turkish carpet weaving demonstration is available upon request.)

Includes: Transportation from the hotel, professional guiding services, entrance fees,

Tour Duration: Half-day, morning tour.

Tour Ends: The tour concludes at Grand Bazaar, where participants can enjoy free time for shopping and exploration.


Byzantine & Ottoman Relics

Full-Day Tour

Step into the heart of Istanbul’s Old City, where the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires once ruled. This full-day tour offers a deep dive into the city's rich history, exploring some of its most significant landmarks and cultural treasures.

Highlights:

  • Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque – A stunning architectural marvel, originally built as the Church of Divine Wisdom. Once the largest Eastern Roman Church, it remains one of the world’s oldest and most iconic religious structures.
  • Blue Mosque – Known for its exquisite blue İznik tiles and unique six-minaret design, this 17th-century mosque stands as a symbol of Ottoman grandeur.
  • Hippodrome of Constantinople – Once the center of chariot races, sports, and political gatherings, it is now home to historic monuments such as the Serpentine Column, the Obelisk of Theodosius, and the German Fountain of Wilhelm II.
  • Grand Covered Bazaar – The world’s largest and most vibrant marketplace, featuring nearly 4,000 shops selling antiques, jewelry, carpets, leather goods, and souvenirs. (A traditional Turkish carpet weaving demonstration is available upon request.)

Lunch: A traditional Turkish lunch will be served at a local restaurant.

  • Topkapı Palace – The former residence of Ottoman sultans, displaying an extensive collection of imperial treasures, sacred Islamic relics, Chinese porcelains, Ottoman weapons, and royal artifacts. (Please note: The Harem section is not included in the program, and live guide commentary is restricted in certain areas.)
  • Hagia Irene – Located in the outer courtyard of Topkapı Palace, this is the oldest Eastern Roman Church in Istanbul and the second-largest after Hagia Sophia. Built in 330, it remains a prime example of Byzantine architecture.
  • Sultan Tombs – Situated in the courtyard of Hagia Sophia, this burial site houses the tombs of five Ottoman sultans. The intricate ceramic panels, featuring floral motifs in shades of purple, red, green, and blue, are remarkable examples of 16th-century Ottoman tilework. Visitors can also see prince robes and fragments of the Kaaba cover displayed on the sarcophaguses.

Also viewed during the tour:

  • Galata Bridge
  • Golden Horn
  • Leander’s Tower

Includes: Transportation from the hotel, professional guiding services, entrance fees, lunch

Tour Duration: Full-day tour, ending at approximately 20:00.


Bosphorus Cruise + Dolmabahçe Palace & Two Continents

Full-Day Tour

Experience Istanbul from land and sea, exploring both the European and Asian sides while cruising along the Bosphorus Strait. This full-day tour offers a unique perspective on the city's rich history, iconic landmarks, and breathtaking landscapes.

Highlights:

  • Golden Horn (viewed from the bus) – A natural harbor separating the old and new parts of Istanbul, historically home to Byzantine Jews, Italian traders, and other non-Muslim communities.
  • Balat & Fener – A drive through historic districts featuring the Metal Church of St. Stephen, Or-Ahayim Jewish Hospital, Fener Orthodox Patriarchate, and the Byzantine City Walls, one of the strongest fortifications of the Middle Ages.
  • Spice Bazaar (Egyptian Bazaar) – A vibrant market filled with exotic spices, dried fruits, nuts, Turkish delights, and more.
  • Bosphorus Cruise – Sail between Europe and Asia, passing Ottoman palaces, wooden mansions, and modern villas, offering a breathtaking view of Istanbul’s waterfront.
  • Rumeli Fortress (viewed from the boat) – A military stronghold built by Mehmed the Conqueror to control the Bosphorus. (No interior visit.)

Lunch: A traditional Turkish lunch will be served at a local restaurant.

  • Dolmabahçe Palace – The last residence of Ottoman sultans, designed by Karabet and Nikogos Balyan, covering 110,000 m². This opulent palace is known for its European-style architecture, lavish furniture, and the 4.5-ton crystal chandelier. It contains 285 rooms and 46 halls and served as the Ottoman Empire’s main administrative center.
  • Çamlıca Hill – The highest panoramic viewpoint in Istanbul, offering stunning bird’s-eye views of the city, stretching from the Marmara Sea to the Black Sea.

Also viewed during the tour:

  • Imperial Gardens of Yıldız Palace
  • Bosphorus Bridge connecting Europe & Asia
  • Beylerbeyi Palace (viewed from the boat)

Includes: Transportation, professional guiding, entrance fees, lunch, and all mentioned activities.

Tour Duration: Full-day tour, ending at approximately 21:00.

Important Notice: Bosphorus cruises will operate with a regular boat if the minimum number of participants for a private boat is not met.


Cappadocia Tour

2-Day Tour with Roundtrip Flights from Istanbul

Cappadocia, with its extraordinary rock formations, underground cities, and ancient cave churches, offers a unique journey through history and nature. This two-day tour provides an in-depth exploration of this breathtaking region, featuring expert-guided tours, comfortable accommodations, and seamless travel arrangements.

Day 1

Early morning flight to Kayseri or Nevşehir.

  • Devrent Valley – Walk through the Fairy Chimneys, unique natural rock formations shaped by wind and time.
  • Paşabağ (Monks' Valley) – A remarkable area with towering tuff rock formations.
  • Avanos – Experience traditional pottery-making techniques passed down for generations.
  • Göreme Open-Air Museum – Explore some of the earliest rock-carved churches, adorned with frescoes.
  • Uçhisar Castle – The highest natural rock formation in Cappadocia, offering spectacular panoramic views.

Dinner and overnight stay in a cave hotel.

Day 2

  • Hospital Monastery (Panoramic View) – Overlooking one of the oldest monastic settlements in the region.
  • Kızılçukur (Red Valley) & Çavuşin Village – Hike through colorful rock formations and historical dwellings.
  • Kaymaklı Underground City – A multi-level underground city used by early Christians as a refuge.
  • Esentepe Viewpoint – A breathtaking panoramic lookout over Cappadocia’s landscape.
  • Pigeon Valley – Home to the largest collection of ancient pigeon nests carved into the cliffs.

Transfer to the airport and return flight to Istanbul.

Includes:

Transportation, professional guiding, entrance fees, lunch, and all activities mentioned in the itinerary.

Tour Duration:

2-day tour, returning to Istanbul with an late evening arrival on the second day.

Important Notice:

The tour requires a minimum number of participants to proceed.


Ephesus & Virgin Mary's House

Day Trip with Roundtrip Flights from Istanbul

Explore Ephesus, one of the most well-preserved ancient cities of the Greco-Roman era, and visit the House of the Virgin Mary, a site of religious and historical significance. This full-day tour offers a journey through history, culture, and architectural wonders.

Itinerary

  • Early morning flight to İzmir or overnight bus to Kuşadası, the birthplace of Homer, followed by a transfer to Ephesus.
  • Ephesus Ancient City – Once a major city of the Ionian League and one of the Seven Churches of Anatolia cited in the Book of Revelation.
  • Explore:
    • Marble Street
    • Odeon
    • Bouleuterion
    • Temple of Hadrian and Serapis
    • Agora
    • Library of Celsus
    • Great Theatre
    • Double Church
    • Arcadian Way
    • Gate of Magnesia
  • House of the Virgin Mary – Believed to be the last residence of Mary, the mother of Jesus, located on Mount Solmissos.
  • Lunch in Selçuk.
  • İsabey Mosque – One of the oldest and most significant architectural works from the Anatolian Beyliks period.
  • Temple of Artemis – One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
  • Return to İzmir for evening flight to Istanbul.

Includes:

Transportation, professional guiding, entrance fees, lunch, and all activities mentioned in the itinerary.

Tour Duration:

Full-day tour, returning to Istanbul in the late evening.

Important Notice:

The tour requires a minimum number of participants to proceed.


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